This study is being conducted by Dr. Kari Nadeau, an allergist and immunologist at Stanford University, and Dr. Rebecca Bauer, a postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Nadeau’s laboratory. The purpose of this study is to better understand how exposure to tobacco smoke affects immunity and diseases of the immune system such as asthma. Researchers will assess […]
There are several possible explanations for this: Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome can cause one twin to be born larger than the other. Sometimes in a twin pregnancy the placenta does not grow large enough to provide enough oxygen and nutrients to both fetuses. Or one fetus may just have implanted in a location within the womb […]
Twins share a special connection beyond that of ordinary siblings. Some people believe that this unique twin bond is endowed with extraordinary supernatural qualities. There are many stories that support this idea. For example, twins will report that one twin experienced a physical sensation of something that was happening to their twin, such as a […]
Mirror image twins are a type of identical (monozygotic or MZ) twins. The term “mirror image” is used because the twins, when facing each other, appear as matching reflections. They have the same physical features but some are opposite. For example, if one twin is right-handed the other twin may be left-handed. Their hair whorls […]
Yes! Twins are defined as children produced in the same pregnancy. Usually they are delivered only a few minutes or hours apart. But they can have different birthdays. This most commonly happens when labor and delivery begins before midnight on one day and ends after the clock changes to the next day. If that day […]
There are several factors to consider in answering this question. Are the twins in the family a result of fertility treatments? These treatments include fertility drugs and assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization. The use of such fertility treatments has caused a skyrocketing in the number of fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twin births […]
A trend toward greater body size in dizygotic (DZ) than in monozygotic (MZ) twins has been suggested by some but not all studies, and this difference may also vary by age. We analyzed zygosity differences in mean values and variances of height and body mass index (BMI) among male and female twins from infancy to […]
Yes! Identical twins came from the same sperm and egg, so they have the same chromosomes and genes. But there are environmental differences that can affect the way they look and behave. For example, one twin may have been positioned in the womb in a way that she got more nutrients or blood supply and may […]
The birth rate of identical (monozygotic or MZ) twins is the same all over the world. It is approximately four per thousand births. But the birth rate of fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twins varies. DZ twins occur when two eggs are released in the same menstrual cycle and are fertilized by two different sperm. The […]
The number of twin births has increased dramatically over the past 30 years. A recent government study showed that the twin birth rate rose 76% from 1980-2009! In 1980, one in every 53 babies born in the US was a twin. In 2009, one in every 30 babies was a twin! This increase is due to […]
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a rare condition that occurs only in identical twins when they are in the womb. The cause is unknown. It occurs when blood moves from one twin to the other. The twin that loses the blood is called the donor twin, and the twin that receives the blood is called […]
In the past, before ultrasound examinations were a common part of prenatal care, parents were sometimes surprised when two babies were born even though only one fetal heartbeat was heard during the pregnancy. Today, a routine prenatal ultrasound examination can identify a twin pregnancy. If two fetuses are seen by ultrasound, the woman is expecting […]
Yes, female identical (MZ) twins can appear more different than male identical twins! The epigenetic factors that can cause identical twins of either sex to look different are discussed in the answer to the question “Can identical twins look different?” In addition, the sex chromosomes are responsible for the greater difference in appearance of some […]
Racial differences involve many genes. The genetics of racial appearance is very complex. Below is a simplified answer to this question. Fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twins that appear to be of different races have been described. This could happen in several different ways: Twins that appear to be of different races could result from heteropaternal […]
Yes! Fraternal (DZ) twins develop when a woman releases two eggs instead of one during her monthly menstrual cycle. When this occurs and each egg is fertilized by sperm cells from the same man, DZ twins with the same father are created. While rare, it is possible that each egg could be fertilized by a […]
No! Studies have concluded that, even though the fingerprints of identical (MZ) twins may be very similar, they are not identical. MZ twins have a very high correlation of loops, whorls and ridges. But the details (for example, where skin ridges meet, divide into branches, or end) differ between MZ twins. MZ twins share the […]
Among non-twin births, males are slightly (about five percent) more common than females. In the US, 105 non-twin males are born for each 100 non-twin females. However, males are slightly more likely than females to die in the womb. And because the death rate in the womb is higher for twins than for singleton births, […]
Yes, it is possible for same-sex fraternal twins to look extremely similar. Like any siblings, fraternal twins are the products of two separately fertilized eggs from the same mother and father. They are genetically as similar as other non-twin siblings. By chance, they could look very similar, or very different, just as non-twin siblings can […]
Fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twins sometimes run in families. In the past, researchers believed that identical (monozygotic or MZ) twins do not run in families. They said that MZ twinning was a random event that occurs equally as often in all places and populations around the world. But many people know or have heard of […]
In the US, there were 135,336 births in twin deliveries in 2014, the most recent year for which government statistics are available. This represents an increase from 2013, but is lower than the peak years of 2006-09. In Washington State, there were 2,660 births in twin deliveries in 2014. The birth rate for identical (monozygotic, or […]
